May 29, 1862 - Thursday - 160 years ago today

Status - John Baer - 40th Indiana Regiment - Wood's Division

By the 28th, the Union armies had come up close to the Confederate lines, and fired on them with cannon for the entire day, while also probing forward.  Most of the Confederate forces had withdrawn south by this time; the remainder waited until night, and then abandoned their entrenchments. 

The next day the Union armies, with the left (Pope) in the lead, moved forward and found no resistance all the way to Corinth as their opposing army was gone south.  Although the town was taken, and the important railroad junction was captured, a chance was lost to inflict more damage on a wounded and outnumbered Confederate army.

Virginia - Peninsula Campaign

McClellan continues to maneuver in front of Richmond to consolidate his forces. 

More Information:

• Link: War Operations, see Volume X, Chapter XXII, Part II, Correspondence,  pp. 213-225.
• The Civil War Day by Day, John S. Bowman, Ed. p. 71.
  
• Shelby Foote: The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 385-386.
  

 

NEXT POST: JUNE 2ND

May 25, 1942 - Monday - 80 years ago today

Status - John Skinner - USS O'Brien:

On May 25th, O'Brien was based at Pago Pago, and would remain there for several weeks doing local escort duty.

Tensions were high as the Navy command waited for the development of the Japanese attack.  The Japanese planned to start forces on the 21st, but were delayed a few days; this was critical as it allowed for emergency repairs to Yorktown to be done in time for it to enter the battle with the other two US carriers.

Cruiser USS Louisville visited Midway on the 25th, delivering Marines and more armaments to the island.

U. S. Navy Task Forces:

• Task Force 17 (Yorktown)  was nearing Pearl Harbor; it would need emergency repairs..
  
• Task Force 16 (Enterprise and Hornet), were moving approaching Pearl Harbor and would move to an area northeast of Midway in anticipation of the arrival of the Japanese.
  

More Information:

• Official Navy Chronology, pp. 202-204.
  
•  The First South Pacific Campaign, John B. Lundstrom, p. 176.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 29TH

May 25, 1862 - Sunday - 160 years ago today

Status - John Baer - 40th Indiana Regiment - Wood's Division

The situation has remained mostly static around Corinth between the 21st and 25th.  There are more rumors of a Confederate attack. Wood's division is on Buell's left next to Pope, and is coordinating to move forward.

On the Confederate side, Beauregard met with his generals and decided that a retreat was needed; but he would feign an attack first before pulling out of the city.

Virginia - Peninsula Campaign

McClellan with the Army of the Potomac remains in front of Richmond.  President Lincoln is again worried for the safety of Washington DC.  He is encouraging McClellan to move forward quickly, or abandon the Peninsula Campaign and return to the defense of the capital.

More Information:

• Link: War Operations, see Volume X, Chapter XXII, Part II, Correspondence,  pp. 207-213.
• The Civil War Day by Day, John S. Bowman, Ed. pp. 70-71.
  
• Shelby Foote: The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 383-385.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 29TH

May 21, 1942 - Thursday - 80 years ago today

Status - John Skinner - USS O'Brien:

On May 17th, O'Brien was based at Pago Pago, and would remain there for several weeks doing local escort duty.

By May 18th, US Naval commanders, with help from Naval Intelligence and its partially deciphered Japanese Navy messages, had discovered many of the details of the planned Japanese attack on Midway.  The Japanese forces were planning to sail on the 21st, and reach the target (determined to be Midway Island) at the end of the month.  A good estimate of the components of the Japanese force (4 carriers with escorts, a battleship force, invasion force, etc.) had been made.  That Alaska would be invaded was also clear.

A task force of surface ships was sent to Alaska and air defenses were increased at Oahu.  All three carriers with their associated task forces would arrive around the 26th-27th of May.  Task Force 16 would immediately deploy northeast of Midway, with the hope being that Yorktown could be repaired in time to reach there before the battle began.

U. S. Navy Task Forces:

• Task Force 17 (Yorktown)  was heading to Pearl Harbor for repairs.
  
• Task Force 16 (Enterprise and Hornet), were moving toward Pearl Harbor to meet the expected Japanese attack in the central Pacific.
  

More Information:

• Official Navy Chronology, pp. 197-202.
  
•  The First South Pacific Campaign, John B. Lundstrom, pp. 165-176.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 25TH

May 21, 1862 - Wednesday - 160 years ago today

Status - John Baer - 40th Indiana Regiment - Wood's Division

Again little to report for this time as the Union army is slowly moving forward and getting into position for the planned attack, and then a siege if the first attack is not fully successful.

On the Confederate side, General Beauregard is concerned about his army.  He does not have the 100,000 men that General Halleck is hearing about in rumors, in fact, he only has about half of that, and many are sick or wounded.  In addition, he is having trouble with supplies.  The Confederate army cannot withstand what he expects to become a siege.

Virginia - Peninsula Campaign

The Union army is very close to Richmond (about 8 miles away), indicating that battle is near at hand.  McClellan continues to appeal to Lincoln for more troops.

Homestead Act

 On the 20th, President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, which allowed the sale of land in 160 acre squares to homesteaders west of the Mississippi.  Thus the new land opened up would be distributed very much in the same way as the land from the Great Lakes states.  This would accelerate the settlement of the West and the entry of new states into the Union.

More Information:

• Link: War Operations, see Volume X, Chapter XXII, Part II, Correspondence,  pp. 200-207.
• The Civil War Day by Day, John S. Bowman, Ed. pp. 70.
  
• Shelby Foote: The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 382-383.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 25TH

May 17, 1942 - Sunday - 80 years ago today

Status - John Skinner - USS O'Brien:

On May 17th, O'Brien was based at Pago Pago, and would remain there for several weeks doing local escort duty.

Strategy

The Japanese high command had formed a new plan for further operations; first, the Midway operation that Admiral Yamamoto had planned for some time, after that, a new attempt at the capture of Port Moresby, and then a thrust toward the south Pacific (New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, and other islands) to cut the connection between Hawaii and Australia.  

With their six fleet carriers and a few smaller ones, this seemed realistic to them.  The US Navy had only two fully operational carriers (Enterprise and Hornet) plus the damaged Yorktown.  Carrier USS Saratoga would finish repairs in early June.  Also, carrier USS Wasp would be coming from the Atlantic later in June or in July.

The Navy was having some trouble getting airplanes and troops from the Army for the island bases being established between Hawaii and Australia.  The priority remained with the war in Europe, and materiel and men were being sent to England in the hope of soon opening a second front in western Europe.  An invasion of North Africa was also under consideration.

Task Force 16, with its two carriers, was attempting to attack a Japanese invasion force at Ocean and Nauru islands near the Gilberts.  On the 16th, Admiral Halsey was attempting to get Task Force 16 through the intervening search areas when he got a message from Admiral Nimitz to come to Pearl Harbor as quickly as possible.  The Yorktown task force received the same orders. 

The Navy code breakers had manged to interpret the partially decrypted Japanese fleet messages and had concluded that the next attack would be in the central Pacific.  The exact target wasn't known yet; it could be Midway, or a direct attack on Hawaii.  Hawaii was the most critical location for the Navy and had to be protected, whatever else might be lost.  Thus the gathering of all operational carriers near Hawaii.

U. S. Navy Task Forces:

• Task Force 17 (Yorktown)  was ordered to Pearl Harbor for repairs.
  
• Task Force 16 (Enterprise and Hornet), was also ordered to Pearl Harbor to meet the expected Japanese attack in the central Pacific.
  

More Information:

• Official Navy Chronology, pp. 195-197.
  
•  The First South Pacific Campaign, John B. Lundstrom, pp. 121-164.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 21ST

May 17, 1862 - Saturday - 160 years ago today

Status - John Baer - 40th Indiana Regiment - Wood's Division

Still little to report on the 17th as the Union armies continue their slow advance toward Corinth, MS.  General Halleck is trying to bring the various corps of the army into line near Sevenmile Creek, in anticipation of a coordinated advance from there.  He is reprimanding General Buell for moving slowly and not having the center up and in line with the right and left, leaving them exposed on their flanks.  Buell, rightly or wrongly, is gaining a reputation for being slow and not on time, and this will later be to his detriment.

Virginia - Peninsula Campaign

 Confederate forces continue to fall back toward Richmond, as McClellan slowly advances with the large Union Army of the Potomac.  There is becoming a compact Confederate line around the city, indicating that the large battles will soon begin.  A Union army at Fredericksburg is ordered to advance toward Richmond as well.  Union armies are thus approaching the city from the north and east.

More Information:

• Link: War Operations, see Volume X, Chapter XXII, Part II, Correspondence,  pp. 188-200.
• The Civil War Day by Day, John S. Bowman, Ed. pp. 69-70.
  
• Shelby Foote: The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 382-384.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 21ST

 

 

May 13, 1942 - Wednesday - 80 years ago today

Status - John Skinner - USS O'Brien:

On May 13th, O'Brien was based at Pago Pago, and would remain there for several weeks doing local escort duty.

The Samoan Islands had been a popular stopover for ships, and a coaling station, since the 1830s. Control of the islands were divided in 1899, with the US receiving the easternmost and smaller islands, including Tutuila, where Pago Pago is located.  By this time in 1942, the island was being made a key part of the chain of islands connecting the US with Australia; a new airfield was under construction, and troops were arriving to garrison the island.

Samoa is located south of the equator at about 14 degrees south, so as O'Brien approached, there would have been the same equator crossing ceremony as described in the January 3rd entry.  This time, John Skinner was a shellback for the ceremonies, rather than a pollywog as last time.

No doubt the crew would have rather been in the fight in the Coral Sea as opposed to doing escort duty, but Pago Pago could be pleasant for temporary duty.  Samoa is warm, humid and rainy but slightly cooler in late spring and summer.  There are easterly trade winds year round. 

Link: Climate of Samoa (note this is for the country of Samoa which is 100 miles west of Pago Pago).

Recent Photo of Pago Pago from Wikipedia page

 

U. S. Navy Task Forces:

• Task Force 11 (Lexington) was disbanded due to the sinking of Lexington.
  
• Task Force 17 (Yorktown)  was ordered to Pearl Harbor for repairs.
  
• Task Force 16 (Enterprise and Hornet), were still moving toward the South Pacific to counteract any further Japanese advances in the South Pacific area.
  

More Information:

• Official Navy Chronology, pp. 195-197.
  
•  The First South Pacific Campaign, John B. Lundstrom, pp. 116-125.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 17TH

May 13, 1862 - Tuesday - 160 years ago today

Status - John Baer - 40th Indiana Regiment - Wood's Division

There is little forward movement between the 9th and 13th.  Buell is slowly moving his center corps up to Sevenmile Creek.  Pope is probing on the left, and finding little opposition.

Trains are heard entering Corinth, and loud cheers on each arrival.  This is leading to concern that a large Confederate force is consolidating at Corinth.

Kentucky

Confederate cavalry under John Hunt Morgan raided Kentucky and destroyed rolling stock at Cave City, KY.  He is continuing his raid and focusing on the railroads.  Union troops have been dedicated to pursuing the raiders.  Morgan will become famous for daring raids throughout the war.

Virginia - Peninsula Campaign

 Union troops occupy Norfolk; this results in the Confederacy losing a great deal of materiel, including the CSS Virginia. The Virginia was too large to be moved upstream, and thus had to be burned by the Confederates to avoid capture.  

The Union advance has prompted the evacuation from Richmond of some civilians, including Varina Davis, wife of Jefferson Davis.

More Information:

• Link: War Operations, see Volume X, Chapter XXII, Part II, Correspondence,  pp. 179-188.
• The Civil War Day by Day, John S. Bowman, Ed. p. 69.
  
• Shelby Foote: The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 378-382.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 17TH

May 9, 1942 - Saturday - 80 years ago today

Status - John Skinner - USS O'Brien:

On May 9th, O'Brien was based at Pago Pago, and would remain there for several weeks doing local escort duty.

Battle of the Coral Sea - Positions May 6th

Admiral Fletcher had the Task Forces combined and fully fueled by the morning of the 6th.  He had sent his tanker Neosho, along with the USS Sims (lead destroyer of the class that includes O'Brien) south but within easy access.  The now combined Task Force 17 would have been at the lower right on the map below.

The main Japanese push to take Port Moresby was now to begin.  Port Moresby can be seen at the left of the map.  

• The Japanese troop transports and escorts would come from Rabaul at the northeast end of New Britain (top center), and go around the southeast tip of Papua to attack Port Moresby.  
• A supporting force of cruisers and one light carrier would move from the Solomons (center right) back toward Papua (center left) to cover the transports.
  
• The Japanese carrier force (2 fleet carriers) was expected to be northeast of the Solomons (upper right), but was actually just south of the middle of the island chain (center right on the map).

  

 Battle of the Coral Sea Continues

US Naval Intelligence, though not having fully broken the Japanese code, was able to give Admiral Fletcher enough information to get a good estimate of Japanese plans. He sailed for his initial position which was southeast of Papua, intending to engage the main Japanese fleet carriers as they came west, and then to turn on the transports to stop their advance to Port Moresby.  As Task Force 17 moved toward this area on the 6th, the main Japanese carrier force spotted them, but a combination of bad weather and distance kept them from attacking.

Searches from both sides' carrier groups were sent out on the 7th.  The Japanese located the US task force, but also located oiler Neosho escorted by Sims.  As the air war was relatively new to both sides, there were many bad identifications by pilots; in this case Neosho was reported as a carrier, resulting in a full strike from both Japanese carrier on these unfortunate ships.  The two small ships had no chance; Sims was sunk and Neosho left heavily damaged, burning and drifting. Neosho would sink four days later.

The US forces would enact somewhat of a mirror image of this error.  A search pilot wrongly coded his report as two Japanese carriers instead of the cruisers he had actually seen, causing Fletcher to launch a full attack from both of his carriers, thinking it was the main Japanese fleet.  The squadrons from both carriers eventually found the force supporting the invasion and attacked the small Japanese carrier Shoho, sinking it. Both sides had attacked a small force with all their firepower after mistaken identifications.

The US sinking of the Shoho had caused the Japanese invasion force to turn back temporarily.   Also, the big Japanese carriers had retrieve their planes after sinking the Sims, and launched an attack on the American carriers at dusk.  These planes did not find their target and were forced to return without success.

On the 8th, both of the carrier task forces attacked each other immediately.  Yorktown was damaged but still mostly operational.  Lexingtion was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes.  While it was initially thought that Lexington could be saved, fires continued to spread and by dusk it was clear that sinking was inevitable, so US destroyers were ordered to sink her with torpedoes.

US planes arrived at different times over the Japanese carriers, and all attacked the visible carrier, Shokaku, while Zuikaku remained hidden by clouds.  Shokaku did not sink but was badly damaged.  Both Shokaku and Zuikaku would need repairs, refurbishing, and many new planes, which would keep them out of the upcoming operation against Midway Island.  

The result of the battle was the stopping of the Port Moresby invasion, as the Japanese invasion convoy eventually turned back.  The US had more naval losses, especially losing Lexington versus the small Japanese carrier.  As noted many times, this was the first naval battle where all engagements were from air power, and no surface fighting was done. 

Surrender of the Philippines

As had seemed inevitable for several months, on May 8th all Allied forces in the Philippines surrendered to the Japanese.  US captives numbered 12,000.  The Bataan Death March began soon after.

U. S. Navy Task Forces:

• Task Force 17 (Yorktown)  Task Force 11 (Lexington) were now combined into Task Force 17, and fought the Battle of the Coral Sea.
  
• Task Force 16 (Enterprise and Hornet), were moving toward the South Pacific, expected to arrive in mid-May.
  

More Information:

• Official Navy Chronology, pp. 190-195.
  
•  The First South Pacific Campaign, John B. Lundstrom, pp. 102-116.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 13TH

May 9, 1862 - Friday - 160 years ago today

Status - John Baer - 40th Indiana Regiment - Wood's Division

The slow advance of the Union army has continued between May 5th and 9th.  On the left, General Pope is ahead of the others and has come to an area around Sevenmile Creek, north of Farmington, MS and about 5 miles from Corinth.  Pope has tested the Confederate army's outer defenses, but remains unsure of their actual strength.

On his right, Buell has not moved up in concert but has been constructing corduroy roads to improve the army's mobility.  Buell is requested on the 9th to move one or two divisions forward to protect Pope's right.  It appears that one of these was Wood's division.

May 9, 1862-8 P. M.

General Buell:

You will make every effort to-morrow morning to close up the space between you and General Pope, and to protect his right in case of an attack.  If General Wood is moved to the left, his position will be occupied by General Thomas' old division.

H. W. Halleck,

   Major-General 

 

Here is a current map of the area around Corinth and Farmington in Northern Mississippi.  Sevenmile creek is in the upper right, crossing MS152 and Kendrick Road.  Corinth is at the lower left.

Virginia - Peninsula Campaign

General McClellan is slowly moving up the Virginia Peninsula toward Richmond.  When the Confederates evacuated Yorktown and move back toward Richmond, there was a sizable battle at Williamsburg.  The Yankees had got slightly the better of that battle, and the Confederates continued their retreat.  

President Lincoln had come to meet with General McClellan, and as usual was prodding him to move forward faster.  McClellan continued to advance slowly.

More Information:

• Link: War Operations, see Volume X, Chapter XXII, Part II, Correspondence,  pp. 166-179.
• The Civil War Day by Day, John S. Bowman, Ed. pp. 68-69.
  
• Shelby Foote: The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 376-378.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 13TH

 

May 5, 1942 - Tuesday - 80 years ago today

 

Status - John Skinner - USS O'Brien:

O'Brien was based at Pago Pago for several weeks doing local escort duty.

Battle of the Coral Sea

By May 3rd, Japanese invasion forces had occupied all their targets in the Solomon Islands, including Tulagi, just a short distance from Guadalcanal Island, which will become a hot spot of the Pacific War.  No attacks on the Japanese had yet come from the US forces, which were reorganizing under Rear Admiral Fletcher and also getting fueled.  All the allied forces were now combined into Task Force 17.

Land-based search planes had found the Japanese ships that were supporting the invasion of Tulagi, and the Yorktown attacked on the 4th, sinking 3 smaller ships and a destroyer.  The US forces returned south and joined with the rest of the fleet.  Naval Intelligence reported that the Port Moresby invasion would be conducted somewhere around the 8th.  There would be transports with escorts and a larger battle force with 4 cruisers and a light carrier.  In addition, a large attack force with two main battle carriers, Shokaku and Zuikaku, were also in the area, moving around the Solomons with the intent of doing battle with the US carriers.

 U. S. Navy Task Forces:

• Task Force 17 (Yorktown)  Task Force 11 (Lexington) were now combined into Task Force 17, and were in the southern Coral Sea, ready to move north and engage the Japanese forces in the area.  The main goal was to protect Port Moresby from invasion..
  
• Task Force 16 (Enterprise and Hornet), were moving toward the South Pacific, expected to arrive in mid-May.
  

More Information:

• Official Navy Chronology, pp. 189-191.
  
•  The First South Pacific Campaign, John B. Lundstrom, pp. 98-102.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 9TH

May 5, 1862 - Monday - 160 years ago today

Status - John Baer - 40th Indiana Regiment - Wood's Division

Pittsburg Landing 

Now that the army was reorganized, it was time to advance on Corinth, MS.  The main concern for Halleck was to prevent any surprise attacks from the Confederates. Rumors were about that all of the Confederate forces in the West were combining, and that the Union forces would be facing a larger army than their own once they reached Corinth.  What this led to was a very slow-motion advance.

Shelby Foote gives the following description in his narrative The Civil War:

"Scott attended a high-level conference and passed the word along: Halleck would continue the advance, and '"in a few days invest Corinth, then be governed by circumstances."  He made no conjecture as to what those circumstances might be, but Stanton could see one thing clearly.  Last week's "tomorrow" had stretched to "a few days".

It was more than a few.  Every evening the troops dug in: four hours' digging, six hours' sleep, then up at dawn to repel attack.  The attack didn't come, not in force at least, but Halleck had every reason to expect one.  Rebel deserters were coming in with eye-witness accounts of the arrival of reinforcements for the 70,000 already behind the formidable entrenchments.  He took thought of the host available to Beauregard by rail from Fort Pillow, Memphis, Mobile, and intermediary points.  No less than 60,000 could be sped there overnight, he computed, which would give the defenders a larger army than his own.

More Information:

• Link: War Operations, see Volume X, Chapter XXII, Part II, Correspondence,  pp. 157-166.
• The Civil War Day by Day, John S. Bowman, Ed. p. 68.
  
• Shelby Foote: The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 375-376.
  
• Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: The Struggle Intensifies,  pp. 701-708.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 9TH

 

May 1, 1942 - Friday - 80 years ago today

Status - John Skinner - USS O'Brien:

O'Brien was escorting a convoy to Pago Pago,and arrived on April 28th.  O'Brien would remain in Pago Pago for several weeks doing local escort duty.

Coral Sea

The anticipated Japanese invasion of the Solomons and Papua was beginning.  Port Moresby was confirmed as the main target.  Tulagi and Shortland Islands, in the Solomons chain had already been occupied on April 28th.  Task Forces 11 and 17 had combined and were moving toward the invasion area.  These two task forces would fight the battle; Task Force 16 would not arrive in time to help.

 U. S. Navy Task Forces:

• Task Force 17 (Yorktown) had combined with Task Force 11 on May 1st.
  
• Task Force 11 (Lexington)  Lexington had united with Task Force 17 near Noumea on May 1st.
  
• Task Force 16 (Enterprise and Hornet), had returned to Pearl Harbor, and were ready to move south to meet Task Forces 11 and 17 by the end of April..
  

More Information:

• Official Navy Chronology, pp. 187-188.
  
•  The First South Pacific Campaign, John B. Lundstrom, pp. 81-98.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 5TH

May 1, 1862 - Thursday - 160 years ago today

Status - John Baer - 40th Indiana Regiment - Wood's Division

Pittsburg Landing 

After much consideration, General Halleck had finally made his plan for the reorganization of the armies, and gave the final order on April 30th:

SPECIAL FIELD ORDERS, No. 35

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE MISSISSIPPI

Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. April 30, 1862

 

 I. Major-General Thomas' division is hereby transferred from the Army of the Ohio to the Army of the Tennessee, and General Thomas will take command of the right wing, which will consist of his own and the divisions of Brigadier Generals W. T. Sherman, T. W. Sherman, S.A. Hurlbut, and T.A. Davies.

II.  The divisions of Major-General McClernand, Major-General Wallace, and one division from General Buell's army corps, to be designated by him, together with the heavy artillery, will constitute the reserve, to be commanded by Major-General McClernand.

III.  Brigadier-General Hamilton's reserve division of Major-General Pope's army will remain under General Pope's direction until further orders.

IV.  Major-General Grant will retain the general command of the District of West Tennessee, including the Army Corps of the Tennessee, and reports will be made to him as heretofore, but in the present movements he will act as second in command under the major-general commanding the department.

General Grant, by this order, was kept as commander of the district, but effectively was sidelined into a position much like a Vice President, having no direct command and no real input into the army's movements.  There in fact had recently been a push in Washington for Grant's dismissal; Lincoln would not do it: "I can't spare this man, he fights", Lincoln said.  Grant was not cashiered, but was so distressed at the new organization, he considered leaving the army, if not permanently, then at least for a leave of absence.  After a conversation with Sherman, he decided to stay.

General Buell was also very unhappy with this arrangement, having lost Thomas' division due to its transfer and also another division to the reserve.  Buell to Halleck: "You must excuse me for saying that. as it seems to me, you have saved the feelings of others very much to my injury".

It is not clear if the division that Buell sent to the reserves was Wood's.  In the end all of this restructuring would turn out to be a short term arrangement.  Preparations continued for the move toward Corinth, MS.

More Information:

• Link: War Operations, see Volume X, Chapter XXII, Part II, Correspondence,  pp. 134-157.
• The Civil War Day by Day, John S. Bowman, Ed. p. 68.
  
• Shelby Foote: The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville, pp. 372-375.
  
• Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: The Struggle Intensifies,  pp. 701-703.
  

NEXT POST: MAY 5TH